To a buyer, price is what people have to forego in order to acquire a product or service. Price is the way to make a profit to a seller. Here is some most important strategy for how to price product or service:
Table of Contents
How to price a product
- Factors Affecting Individual Prices
- Selecting Pricing Approaches
- Justification of Pricing at or below Cost of Production
- Price Determination and Pricing Goals
A. Factors Affecting Individual Prices
There are many factors that may affect the price. Some or all of the following considerations may apply in a specific case:
- Fairtrade laws
- Nationally advertised prices
- Competitor price policies
- Market strategy
- Price lining
- Target return pricing
- Manufacturer’s suggested prices
- Type of merchandise handled
- Policy on loss leaders
- Seasonal nature of sales
- Demand factors for certain products
B. Selecting Pricing Approaches
Selecting the right pricing approach is very important to small, business entrepreneurs. Selecting the wrong approach may cause the failure of the enterprise. There are three such approaches:
- Competition-based approach;
- Buyer-based approach, and
- Cost-based approach
Each of the above approaches has its own situations and relative merits &demerits. The first one may be cost-plus or based on break-even analysis & target profit-seeking. The Second one may be on the buyers’ perceived-value pricing while the third one is fixed observing price rates they are being charged currently by the competitors for similar products or services.
C. Justification of Pricing at or below Cost of Production
Usually, prices should be higher than the cost of production of goods or services. But pricing at o below marginal cost may be considered desirable for a shorter period in certain special circumstances. The situations in which such prices are advisable include the following:
- Making known the new products;
- Popularizing a product;
- Driving out weaker competitors;
- Saving from total loss of evaporating or perishable commodities;
- Shifting / migrating elsewhere;
- Winning foreign markets; and
- Getting special lucrative governmental incentives are likely to the declared on the sale volume.
- Raising the sales volume of a better profitable joint or complementary products;
- Bringing the plant to full capacity utilization;
- Providing work to the surplus workforce who cannot be fired;
- Saving from likely total loss arising out of no demand resulting in outdated fashion, etc:
- Taping better opportunity long-term advantage;
D. Price Determination and Pricing Goals
Steps in Price Determination | Pricing Goals |
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Appropriate pricing is important to attract a large number of customers and also to make a reasonable profit. These two are seemingly conflicting, the small business entrepreneur must endeavor to reconcile and compromise between these two.
It is because high prices with the objective of a larger profit will reduce the number of buyers. On the other hand, lower prices may draw a larger number of customers but may not bring profit to the enterprise. It is as such to be handled with care and caution.
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